Middle East History

The war between Iran and Iraq occurred when Iraq invaded Iran in September 1980 in an attempt to regain border territory it had ceded in 1975. Iraqi forces seized control of some Arab-populated border regions. After Iran drove Iraqi forces put of most of the invaded territory in 1982, the war turned into a stalemate. A cease fire went into effect in 1988. The factors that had let to this war were likely because of the conflict between the two countries regarding the border debate or argument. In Iraq, internal guerilla warfare began in 1961, when Iraq refused to grant self-government to its Kurdish tribesmen in the north. The in 1963, their leader was overthrown was overthrown in a military revolt. The new government followed a socialist, Arab nationalist policy, but was wracked by rivalry between factions supporting and opposing Egypt’s President, Nasser. A peace with the Kurds was concluded in 1966, but skirmishes continued. Iraq was a member of the Arab Alliance that was defeated in the Six Day War against Israel in June, 1967. However, few Iraqi troops were involved in combat. In 1968, the Kurds resumed hostilities against the government. In 1970, Kurdish autonomy was recognized, but many Kurds, supported by aid from Iran, continued the Rebellion. During the 1970’s, large increases in oil prices made it possible for the shah to accelerate the modernization of Iran and to build up the country’s military strength on a massive scale. In 1978 protests over the shah’s rule began to grow. Much of the opposition came from conservative religious leaders, led by the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, who opposed modernization because it was contrary to traditional Islamic ways. Many opponents, however, some of them socialists and Communists, demanded a more equal distribution of wealth and an end to dictatorial rule. In 1974, the country started giving weapons for war to the Kurds. In 1975 Iran agreed to end its aid to the Kurds in exchange for some disputed territory. The Kurdish rebellion then collapsed. Saddam wanted to occupy Iran’s near to the oil and its feeble military which Saddam though for revolutionary disorder. The aggressor was Saddam Hussein. Because he wanted that the river which they were arguing will be owned by Iraqi- Arab, to bring back the essence through the history and that they had all the rights over the river. The only thing that hinders or stops the two countries from fighting was the Arvand Rud waterway, where in they had an agreement. Saddam wanted to display to the whole nations his conquering of other place but was just using the area of dispute as a front. Reference; Marr, Phebe. The Modern History of Iraq (West view Press, 1985).

iTUnes Essay

Abstract Since April 2003, iTunes Music Store has permitted the consumer to purchase music and digital books over the Internet with success. By 2005 their shares increase significantly as a result of their tremendous success. Their product became a platform for the digital music business to explode into the industry it is today. This also made digital music affordable to the consumer who may have gone to illegal downloads in the past which in turn ensured that the music industry was getting paid for their product as well. The $0.99 cents per song download provided $0.70 cents to be paid to the record companies and the remainder ($0.29 cents) was Apple profit. By August 2005, some of the larger record companies felt that their product was underpriced and requested that flexible prizes were instituted. However, this was not a shared opinion by all, the fear was that the market might not be stable enough to survive a price increase when illegal downloading was widespread. A price increase would encourage this type of activity to continue and no one would be making money. Due to its power, Apple kept the same prices, however by January 2008, Amazon.com entered the market place with a similar product without all of the restrictions that were placed on music in the iTunes Store. Questions 1)Provide an argument for why a variable pricing policy might increase the sales revenue from Apple’s Music Store (compared to the flat pricing policy). Life is complicated, but Apple Computer ‘s iTunes store is pretty simple: Download a song and pay $0.99 cents. In 2009, Apple announced that for the first time would allow beginning implementing variable pricing on the iTunes Music Store. Instead of a absolute $0.99 cent price point, record labels would now have the option to charge $1.29 for more popular songs and $0.69 for less popular tracks. It was not too long before almost every top song on iTunes jumped from $0.99 to $1.29. While most tracks that saw an increase in price suffered a small drop in sales, the $0.30 price difference more than made up for that fact, worked to increase overall revenues. Apples position during the time to increase the price of popular songs was global. Many of Apple’s products such as the iPod and laptops were sold all over the wo rld. The iTunes Music Store was highly successful, and has already  accomplished large user numbers. The change in price did not suggest a complete renovation in the way people downloaded and listened to their music. Also, Digital downloading of music is just one of the many markets that Apple has recruited into. Under a new pricing plan songs would cost depending on how desirable they are considered and having Apple such a market power, the new pricing strategy was another successful for the company. 2)Discuss other potential pricing policies that might increase the revenue from Music Store sales. With the increase in the demand for online-based music, Apple is likely to increase its prices to gain more from its products. The company cannot however enforce high prices on the consumers because the sale of online music is still in a changing stage. Apple could consider other pricing schemes like a bundle pricing where they combine popular and unpopular music or getting the latest popular music across genres. This could expand customer base to different genres and increase the sales of unpopular songs. The bundling strategy will help in increasing profits by extracting additional consumer surplus. They also could offer an entire group of songs, as a group, for a single price. The company could resort to sale of large music files such as MP3s, JPEG and MP4 and other music formats for various consumer needs (Brickley, Smith, & Zimmerman, 2009). 3)What are the risks and potential costs of implementing more sophisticated pricing schemes for the downloaded music? Sophisticated pricing tools are potentially available to provide a contrast to the uniform pricing model that used to implement iTunes. This sophisticated alternative tools may include song-specific pricing, pure bundling, mixed bundling, two-part tariffs among others that could be use to raise revenue. If firms have market power they can raise their prices without losing all customers to competitors. Firms have as ultimate objective to choose the pricing policy that boosts the value of the firm. Managers are trying all the time to devise a pricing policy that captures as much gain as possible catching costumer surplus as company profit. For managers and companies in general, only incremental prices matter in pricing decisions. As this case show, iTunes has certain power on their loyal costumers and confronting the risk of some decreases on sales, iTunes took the risk when they increase their  song’s prices and at the end, the most loyal costumers remained whit the company. The potential costs were evident when iTunes suffered at the first moments a fall in sales. Was very worrying that people were still able to download free music from other sites. Nevertheless, iTunes survived, and the company was still betting on iPods sales at the same time. 4)Is Apple’s pricing objective to maximize the revenue it receives from the sales of the downloaded music? Is this the objective of the major record companies? Explain. (Hint: review the revenue/product data from Apple ’s 10-K) Apple as all companies is interested in maximize its revenues, but it not its objective reach it trough the downloaded music pricing strategies which is the objective of the record companies. Apple is a successful company that has a lot of attractive products that convert all the costumers in loyal fans of Apple. The Company is confronted by aggressive competition in all areas of its business; the markets for the Company’s products and services are highly competitive. The Company’s competitors who sell mobile devices and personal computers based on other operating systems have aggressively cut prices and lowered their product margins to gain or maintain market share. However, Apple is focused on expanding its market opportunities related to personal computers and mobile communication and media devices. The Company believes it offers superior innovation and integration of the entire solution including the hardware (iPhone and iPod), software (iTunes), on line services (iCloud), and distribution of digital content and applications (iTunes Store). The Company’s ability to compete successfully depends heavily upon its ability to ensure a continual and timely flow of competitive products, services and technologies to the marketplace. The Company continues to develop new technologies to enhance existing products and to expand the range of its product offerings through research and development. On the other hand record companies are just interested in gaining the greatest among of money from each company that distribute the music on which they have rights, they matter is to collet the most possible from every song downloaded. 5)Do you think that Apple’s ability to control the pricing of downloaded music is likely to change in the future? Explain. My personal opinion is that Apple has a huge recognition all around the world. Apple has been able to achieve its position with prodigious skills in the market. Nowadays, as we all know, Apple has the most loyal costumers in  the world. Every single time that Apple launches a new product the most loyal costumers excited sleep for nights on the doors of the stores to be the first ones buying the new products that always offer the most cutting-edge advances in techn ology. I would say that Apple’s ability to control its prices related to downloaded music would not change too much in the next future. In deed, Apple has increasingly assumed the control of technological development in the industry. The Company is committed to bringing the best user experience to its customers through its innovative hardware, software and services. Apple is pioneered providing its customers new products and solutions with superior ease-of-use, seamless integration, and innovative design, every time getting closer to the wishes of consumers. As part of its strategy, the Company continues to expand its platform for the discovery and delivery of third-party digital content and applications through the iTunes Store allowing customers to discover and download applications and books through either a Mac or Windows-based computer. The Company’s strategy also includes expanding its distribution network to effectively reach more customers and provide them with a high-quality sales and post-sales support experience. As a customer of Apple is very difficult to see that for the near future the company may lose its ability to control the prices of their products. When people become a fan of Apple never more would pay a similar price for another technology more than Apple offers. That is the reality today.

Compare and contrast antigone&letter from a Birmingham jail essay Essay

It is very impressive how Antigone and the â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail† essay are very similar despite being written in two different time periods. Antigone and Martin Luther King Junior both fought for what was good for their society. Antigone buried her brother despite the king stating that her brother was a traitor and that nobody should bury him or honor him in any way. Antigone believed that nobody could dishonor or override the gods, that includes the king. Antigone was punished. She was thrown into a cave and walled off to die slowly but she committed suicide instead. Antigone fought for what was morally right. Martin Luther king Jr. fought for civil rights in the south. At the time the south was segregated between whites and blacks,the whites often had the newest and best things. Dr. MLK believed that no matter your race, heritage or county of origin everyone should be treated equally and get to have the same opportunities to be successful. MLK got thrown in jail for parading, his anti-racism views. MLK successfully brought two different cultures of people together that had never been around each other before. neither group accepted each other with open arms but after a short backlash everyone learned to accept each other and live together as one. Dr. Martin Luther King was assassinated on a hotel balcony after standing up for what was right and what was needed to be done at the time. Antigone stood up to the king so she could respect the gods and MLK stood up for blacks civil rights. what makes them comparable is that they both changed society positively whether it be the culture or the spiritual side of things. There is a clear difference in how each protagonist died, but then Antigone and MLK go back to being very similar in the reason why they died. The man that shot Dr. Martin Luther King thought that he deserved to be punished, so that man in his mind did what he thought was the correct thing to do. In Antigone the king demonstrated the action that he thought was appropriate for Antigone disobeying his command. Both MLK and Antigone understood the risks but they still choose to stand up for what they believed what was right. MLK and Antigone are heroes who sacrificed themselves for the better of the world, both showed bravery when no one else would. Martin Luther King Jr. did what he did so future generations could be in peace with each other. Antigone did what she did to prove to the king that no mere mortal has the right to deny any person their rights to honor and pay their respects to the dead.

Journal Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Journal Summary - Essay Example These needs imply the needs for self-preservation and economic independence. These are the needs for being free from physical danger, threat and deprivation. Man is a social animal. He therefore wants association, belonging, friendship, love and affection. These are the need to seek affiliation and affection of one’s fellow beings. People form informal groups to seek meaningful association, companionship. This implies ‘a desire to become more and more of what one is, to become everything that one is capable of.’ It involves self-fulfilment or achieving what one considers to be his mission in life. It urges an individual to realize his full potential for continued self development and for being creative in the broader sense of the world. Maslow pointed out that the first three categories are lower level needs. The remaining two are higher order needs. He states that the needs have a definite sequence of priority. They arise in certain order of preference and not randomly. Safety needs do not dominate behaviour until physiological needs are satisfied. Man is a wanting animal. He always continues to want something or the other. He is never satisfied. If one need is satisfied, another takes its place. If one need is satisfied it ceases to be a motivating factor. Thus, if lower level needs are satisfied an individual can be motivated only by satisfying his higher level needs. Physiological and security needs are finite while the other needs are to a large extent infinite. Maslow suggests that the various needs levels are interdependent and overlapping, each higher level need emerging before the lower level need has been completely satisfied. Finally, Maslow points out that an individual may jumble the order and importan ce of the needs according to his preference. Motivation theory is concerned with the employee’s needs and preferences. Frederick Herzberg and his associates conducted

Major Tax Structure Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Major Tax Structure - Assignment Example Alternatively, a particular class of property tax may be considered for every tax units that the entity under consideration may be having across the entire municipality. Consideration of property tax classes will be important due to the fact that there may be different properties in different localities which imply that they will be subjected to different taxation regulations (Abhijit, 1992). Factoring in heterogeneous tax liability aspects of an individual property owner is important in the quantification of the property tax since tax regimes are usually diversified for a number of reasons such as nature of properties and the locality factors. For the case study of determining the percentage of tax element for a municipality due from Habitat for Humanity houses, I would first identify the municipality, types and the number of houses owned within the municipality. It will also involve valuation of the other tax allowances as well as other tax related charges for the respective properties applicable within the municipality that have an impact on Habitat for Humanity houses tax obligations. Municipal rates will be applied during the computation of the actual tax obligation owed by Habitat for Humanity with respect to the various houses owned. Final percentage property tax computation for the Habitat for Humanity with respect to the entire municipal property tax revenues will be performed after consideration of the applicable property tax rates, allowable deductions as well as other charges on each of the houses owned by Habitat for Humanity within the municipality. This procedure will be conducted based on the updated assess ment of the actual housing units owned for anticipated incomes, in case there are disposals from the previous ownership. In addition, projections will be dependent on the currency of applicable rates in case there are adjustments from the tax authority in the

Personal experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Personal experience - Essay Example We knew that the Hessian troops were garrisoned at Trenton, across the river. We started at 6 in the evening and marched nine mile in the gathering darkness up to McConkey’s ferry. Soldiers were already being ferried across the icy river when we reached the place. It was snowing, and there were ice floes in the river. Most of us did not have proper clothes or shoes, and our muskets were sodden. . It was 3 in the morning of the 26th when finally all of us, including the artillery, crossed. General Washington watched us silently as we crossed . â€Å"We’ll take them by surprise. They must have been drinking all night†, said Lt. Munroe as we marched towards Trenton.. Half a mile from Trenton, we surprised a Hessian picket , and captured them. Just then we heard the boom of guns and knew that General Sullivan had arrived with the artillery. Lt. Munroe led us to rush the Hessian artillerists, just as they were about to fire two cannons. The Hessians fled pell-mell, not heeding their commanding officer , who was shot .We captured the entire Hessian force , except a few who escaped. I am proud to have taken part in the Battle of Trenton,. After our victory at Trenton, many recruits joined our army, and finally â€Å"the Rabble† were able to defeat the greatest power on the earth, and gain

Atomic Bombing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Atomic Bombing - Essay Example The consequences of nuclear warfare were already foreseen, and as a matter of fact, at the top of its official voice that was publicly aired, in the midst of the heated issue of race for nuclear armaments the US abhorred potential destructions that may be brought by nuclear bombing to people, country and the entire world. Despite this, the US still remained to secretly initiate scientific researchers that would potentially pave the way for better understanding of the atomic bombs. Its actual bombing using this nuclear weapon in Japan had eventually proven to help it win its war with this country. However, it is evident that it simply orchestrated a move that was a bit contradictory to its personal public statement in line with its stand on nuclear warfare and even on the rudimentary issue on the race for nuclear armaments with the Soviet Union and other parts of the world. At this point, it is important to assess such secrecy involved associated with the creation of atomic bombs prio r to the actual consecutive bombing in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Secrets laboratory studies pertaining to atomic bombs in one way or another could be a form of betrayal of public trust on the part of the US. Thus, it could be remarkably observed that the desire of the US to reach its competitive edge over the other seems bred in the bone. The point of keeping the whole thing about atomic bomb exploration secret from the world connotes there must be something the US devised to achieve in the future. In fact, this plan was eventually disclosed when Japan was taken by surprise and shuddered at the possibility that the US eventually created nuclear armaments, enough to destroy the entire world. The whole point is now clear, and there were two possible things that the US simply wanted to share

The Life I Want to Live Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Life I Want to Live - Personal Statement Example As foreign friends and I exchange information on our respective hometowns, I began to reflect on the life that Sao Paulo has to offer and compared this with the bountiful opportunities in Switzerland and other countries. For instance, I have been told that it is a punishable offence in Singapore for parents not to send their children to school for primary education. This is unheard of in Brazil. While Sao Paolo has no doubt developed considerably over the past decades, poverty is still clearly widespread especially in the North-Eastern part of Brazil. The extreme inequality of land possession is a contributing factor of this issue as the majority of land owned by farmers is dedicated to subsistence production. Additionally, the automation of large plantations have caused decline in jobs. The situation is not any better in Sao Paulo. With over 20 million in population, globalization has brought about relocation of businesses and closures of factories, leaving thousands without a job and many turning to crimes. Poor infrastructure, limited access to technology, inadequate health facilities and deficiency in formal education are turning many into committing crimes. This, I realize, is not a choice that many are making, but rather as a last resort in survival.

Energy Saving Potential of Green Facade in Hong Kong Dissertation

Energy Saving Potential of Green Facade in Hong Kong - Dissertation Example The up to date technology of green wall system in other countries will be reviewed. Existing examples were examined for assessing the potential development in s Hong Kong setting. 1.1 Objective The social, environmental and visual impression that a green wall system can make towards providing a sustainable built environment in cities are accepted worldwide. One of the objectives of this dissertation is to conduct a thorough review of the update design principle and technology on the green wall system in order to increase public understanding and awareness. Basically, the purpose of this dissertation is divided into three parts. 1.1.1 The first purpose is to present the findings of the desktop literature search into the worldwide green wall innovations. This includes, but is not limited to; A brief definition and classification of green wall systems; A list of the benefits for the public and private sectors; A brief list of the benefits for the environment; 1.1.2 The second purpose is to review green walls development in Hong Kong including: Review of present government pilot project and commercial project; Review of constraint for the application in Hong Kong; A brief of the present green building assessment method in Hong Kong. 1.1.3 The last purpose is to demonstrate how to demonstrate the green wall could be applied in a Hong Kong setting. ... Green walls need to be maintained routinely in order for the plants to survive. Counties that use green walls will be examined. The difference between residential and commercial green walls and the purposes will be described. The green walls have different forms in order to fill the area’s specific need. The irrigation, run-off and water retention of the green walls is a consideration that should be looked at in the developmental stage of a new construction project or in the construction of the green wall. All of these topics will be discussed in this section and sub-sections. 2.1 Definitions of the green walls In the current market there are minimal discrimination between domestic and commercial products and systems. Although there are some major differences relevant to this study. The scale of commercial green wall systems for multi-storey buildings requires a different standard to the domestic scale systems. The materials need to have a relatively high quality and longevity to cater for the rigors of extreme conditions such as weather, pollution, and other conditions relevant to the green walls location. For example, the excessive solar radiation in the high-density urban environment would damage UV unstable materials in a short period. Structural loading on the building framework to support the green wall system, wind loading in addition (i.e. the higher the green wall the greater the wind loadings to be induced), requires more precise structural design than with smaller scale domestic applications. Furthermore, the issue of repair and maintenance must be integrated into the building systems, rather than applied as an add-on component (Graeme, Christine, Milos and Michael Andrew 2010), such a

Content and language Essay Example for Free

Content and language Essay In this piece of coursework I will be comparing the front cover of a broadsheet and a tabloid newspaper on the day that labour won the 2001 Election. To do this I will be concentrating on three main attributes, which are design and layout, content and language. First of all I will look at how effective the design and layout of the front cover is. On my chosen tabloid, The Sun, there is of course the bright red Sun logo but even more striking is the headline, Blairs Back. This headline is over double the size of The Sun logo. There is then on the left-hand side of the page a big picture of Tony Blair. Below the big heading is a sub heading which reads, Labour romps in with epic second landslide. Below the sub heading is a small section of text that carries on inside the paper. Overall the design and layout of this front cover is quite effective because the bold headline stands out and really hits you in the face which makes you want to buy the paper to see what the headline means. The sub heading then gives you more information, which shows that the paper is quite informative. The photograph on the front cover ads a bit of colour and life to the paper to show the reader that it isnt a dull paper. There is also a lure at the bottom of the page that says, See pages 2, 3, 4, 5 and 4-page pullout. This shows the potential buyer that there is a lot more information inside the paper about the election that encourages them to buy the paper. Basically, the front cover of The Sun concentrates entirely on the election. On the other hand in my chosen broadsheet, The Times, it is a very different story. The front page of The Times doesnt just concentrate on the election but on many other topics including things like sport. Like The Sun it has a date and price at the top of the page. The main headline reads, Election reward for Prescott. This is referring to the new job John Prescott will get now that Labour has been re-elected. Below that in the centre of the page is a picture of Tony Blair enjoying a day out with his family. Below that is another smaller story about the election. The headline says, Blair forecasts further growth. There is another smaller picture of the Blair family to the left of the headline. Below that is a completely unrelated article about Lord Archer. To the right of this story is an advertisement for Tiffany Co. diamonds. Overall the design and layout of The Times is very effective. The main headline is bold and simple which stands out. The photographs add life and colour to the paper. The amount of text shows the buyer it is a very informative paper that will appeal to a lot of people. The second story and the advertisement shows the buyer that the paper is interested in the election but the final story shows the buyer that it is also interested in the rest of the world. There is also a lure at the bottom of The Times. It reads, The Times Today: page 2. Crossword: p 32. Media: Times 2, p 21-25. TV radio: Times 2, p 27-32. This also encourages the buyer to buy because there are other things inside apart from news. The photographs on both papers are also important. In the Sun it shows a smiling Tony Blair in a shirt and tie. I think that the picture is trying to say that Tony Blair is happy to be back in office and he is going to try his hardest to make a difference. In The Times there are two photographs which show a very similar thing. Both of the photographs show Tony Blair acting very relaxed with his family. The bigger photograph was taken this year just before the election but the smaller one was taken in 1997 before the election. I think the photos are trying to say that Tony Blair is almost taking it too easy and that he thinks he has already won. The headline of a newspaper and the way it is presented is also very important. On the front cover of The Sun the headline is short, snappy, bold, big and close together. The headline reads, Blairs back, which is in block capitals. The headline takes up just over half the page even though it is very short. I think the headline is trying to create the effect that Labour is back, bigger and better than ever. On the front page of The Times it is very different. The main headline on the front page is a lot smaller and less bold than the one in The Sun. It is a lot more spaced out and not as to the point as The Sun. The headline reads, Election reward for Prescott. The headline is in lower case writing but is bolder than the text in the article. I think the headline is trying to create the effect that if Labour win the election people involved get rewards. In other words if you work hard you will get a treat! The arguments and issues presented in the lead story are a very important part of a front page. On the front page of The Sun it is obvious straight away that The Sun is very pro Labour. You dont even need to read the article to know this. At the top of the page there is a badge with the Labour symbol in the middle. In the article though it says, Tony Blair powered back into No10 early today after a SECOND landslide victory. You can see straightaway that The Sun is persuading the public that Labour deserves to be back in office. After reading the article you can also tell that The Sun does not like the Torys. In the article it says, Jubilant Mr Blair crushed Tory dreams of a revival-and put William Hagues job as Opposition leader in peril. This is a very blunt and uncaring comment and it shows The Suns loyalty to Labour. In the article it also gives you all the statistics to show you by how much Labour won, as if they havent already! The ITN exit poll gave Labour 417 seats. The Suns article is also very brief with not much detail in it. The Times article though is very different. It has a very neutral attitude and it is almost being unfair to the Labour party. In the article the writer raises the issue that although John Prescott has been given a new title he has been doing that job all along. Mr Prescott is being switched from his role as Environment Secretary to become Mr Blairs deputy in fact as well as name. The writer then raises the argument that John Prescott wont be with Labour come next election. Even so, some ministers believe it will be surprising if he stays in the Government throughout the new Parliament. The article in this paper is a lot longer and more detailed. The language in the two newspapers is very different. This is because The Sun appeals to the working class person where as The Times appeals to the more professional classes. That is why The Times uses more sophisticated language and The Sun is very blunt and to the point.

The bad advice

The bad advice The thirty-fourth president of the United States, Dwight D. Eisenhower, famously stated, You do not lead by hitting people over the head thats assault not leadership. Although, in modern times this statement may seem quite logical, it is interesting to note that in todays world there are still nations that are lead by power hungry politicians who have no interest in the well being of the people that dwell in their impoverished nations. These dictators main leadership tactic is simple: they rule by injecting fear into the masses. The Prince, written by Machiavelli, explores the complicated world of leaders and in the end comes to its main argument that says, it is much more safe to be feared than to be loved, when you have to choose between the two. (Machiavelli, The Prince) While in many cases this may be true, it shouldnt be overlooked that Machiavelli wrote this work hundreds of years ago and as Bob Dylan had so perfectly put it, The times they are a-changin. With modern advanceme nts and the whole world trying to push itself in a new direction, Machiavellis ideas may now become out-dated and flawed. Machiavelli believes that if a leader is loved too much, this allows for the people to have too much power which eventually will result in revolt. Nevertheless, in todays world where democracy in many nations is the norm, being loved by the people has more benefits than being feared; by analyzing recent history one will be able to prove that leading with a more open mind is significantly better then leading people through fear. When referring to the word peace, a few instant political figures come to mind and one of these people is none other than Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Not only was Gandhi the political leader of his native nation India during the Independence Movement, but he was also regarded as the spiritual leader. His famous nonviolence practices had inspired independence movements not only in India but in countries all over the world. Gandhi is hailed to be Father of India and his leading practices did not involve any form of force or violence. Instead of using his fist, Gandhi would use his calm personality and persuasive public speaking techniques in order to win over the hearts of the people and lead a nation that was on the course of total destruction to salvation. Machiavelli urged that a leader should have some sort of physical control over the people, but little did he know that hundreds of years later a man by the name of Gandhi would completely shatter the foundations of former leading p rinciples. Gandhi, had famously stated, When I despair, I remember that all through history the way of truth and love has always won. There have been tyrants and murderers and for a time they seem invincible, but in the end, they always fall- think of it, always. This inspirational quote proves that societies created by tyrants will eventually crumble and democracy and peace will forever prosper. In addition, Gandhi was not the first person to introduce the theory of non-violence but he was the first to practice it on such a large scale. By advocating non-violence Gandhi directly contradicts Machiavellis beliefs through the following quote: The science of war leads one to dictatorship, pure and simple. The science of non-violence alone can lead one to pure democracyPower based on love is thousand times more effective and permanent than power derived from fear of punishment.It is a blasphemy to say non-violence can be practiced only by individuals and never by nations which are composed of individuals. Gandhi message to the world is clear and simple: love and peace are far stronger and more effective then fear. Although, Machiavelli wrote in a completely different time period it is clear how Gandhi disproves his theories. (Http://www.mkgandhi-sarvodaya.org/bio_5000/bio5.htm.) If there was a man that was the complete anti- Christ of Gandhi that man would have been named Kim Jong-Il. Kim Jong-Il is the dictator of North Korea which was a country that was founded by his father in 1994. Although, his image inside the North Korean borders may be depicted as saintly, in reality it is the fear of the people he leads that actually give him his prestigious status. Many North Koreans officially refer to him as Great Leader, but if they werent pressured by his tyrannical rule they would most likely come up with different names for him; some of which would not be as pleasant as the name he holds now. Due to his strong grasp and negative influence he holds over his people, his country will never be able to prosper like many powerful democracies around the world. If one were to take a look at some of the most powerful modern nations they would realize that all of them are held together by a strong democratic backbone. The only nation in the modern era that seemed to pr osper even though it was ruled by a dictator was the Soviet Union, but like Gandhi had predicted it eventually collapsed just like all the other tyrannies that came before it. Once again, Machiavellis advice seems to have many flaws if it were to be used in the modern world. Kim Jong-Il is tirelessly trying to create a more powerful nation but is failing to do so because of his corrupt leading techniques. (http://asianhistory.about.com/od/profilesofasianleaders/p/BioKimJongil.htm) Machiavelli had mentioned that a leader can either implement harsh rule or be loved by the people but most likely he cannot be both, however the former ruler of China, Mao Zedong, may have disproved this theory. Mao Zedong was a Chinese revolutionary and at the same time communist leader. With any communist nation, harsh rule and strict policy is a given which makes it difficult for a communist leader to be popular with the people, but Mao Zedong somehow was able to be adored by his followers. To this day Mao is regarded in China as an incredible revolutionary, political mastermind, military genius and overall the savior of China. Many people give Mao credit for taking Chinas mainly agricultural society and transforming it into the economic powerhouse that is today. Although, many people praise him for his revolutionary genius, Mao didnt achieve all his accomplishments through the love of the people. He was in fact still a dictator more interested in the prosperity of his nation rath er than the prosperity of his people. Mao had implemented several political policies and purges which were now estimated to have caused the deaths of roughly sixty million people. Nevertheless, most Chinese people still hailed them as their hero because without him China would have ended up much worse without him. Mao again illustrates how Machiavellis advice does not apply to the modern world. (http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/) Many different leaders have their own leading styles, but what most modern and successful leaders have in common is that they lead democratic countries where the voice of the people is heard. Of course, there will always be exceptions to the norm such as Mao Zedong, but even he doesnt follow Machiavellis advice. All three figures presented in the earlier paragraphs disprove the idea that Machiavelli created years ago. Works Cited Machiavelli, Niccolo. The Prince. Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions, 1997. Http://www.mkgandhi-sarvodaya.org/bio_5000/bio5.htm. MAHATMA GANDHI ONE SPOT COMPLETE INFORMATION WEBSITE. Web. 24 Feb. 2010. . Kim Jong il Biography North Korea. Asian History History of Asia. Web. 23 Feb. 2010. . Reference Archive: Mao Zedong. Marxists Internet Archive. Web. 24 Feb. 2010. .

Decision Focus Of Mis Information Technology Essay

Decision Focus Of Mis Information Technology Essay The report was intended to comprehend the theoretical and speculative aspects about the management information system, and its practical applications as well. The next thing to be done is providing recommendations to Amazon.com for a profitable information system to coordinate the operations and workforce activities, and incorporating novel processes while expanding business in the times of economic crisis. Management Information System Information system is comprised of integrated components used to gather, store, analyze and transfer the information. The technology used to manage and coordinate the information in a way that it can be retrieved when required is known as information technology. (Clarke, 2007) The information system is the one which collects the data both internally and externally, process it into information, pass this information to people working at varied levels of organizations, assist them in decision making in a timely and effective manner (Lucey, 2004). The management information system is the system which gives needed timely information to management for decision making, planning, and controlling of business operations effectively and efficiently. In this highly competitive world of technology, the management information systems are combination of man and hardware, which aids and provide support to the management to perform business operation with excellence. It is the man and computer based technology which collects the raw form of data, converts it into useful information, store it, and retrieve it when needed. This information is conducive for all managerial levels or hierarchies. The well built and structured information system is helpful to both business and its employees in acquiring their objectives and formulates decision making process easier at all organizational levels. (Laudon, 2006) Decision Focus of MIS Figure1 (Sourced: Lucey,7th Edi) Roles of MIS The organizations of the modern world have comprehended it well that information systems are essential for the growth of their businesses. They play a critical role in managing operations; perform routine tasks and future decision making. As a result, organizations will enhance their processes, improves customer service, and earn more market share and profits eventually. Thus it will be appropriate to say that a well structured and utilized management information system can act as a source of giving competitive advantage to organization, which is demand of the corporate sector globally (Clarke, 2007). Some critical roles played by the management information system are discussed here: Firstly, it supports business processes; the best illustration is inventory tracking or management, order delivery management, supply chain management. These systems are helpful in performing daily routine tasks or business operations in a more efficient manner, thus empowering employees to perform well and satisfy their customers (Luftman and Kempaiah, 2008). The next is that it supports in making decisions for normal day to day operations. This is the most important role played by the system helping employees at various levels in organization. The middle level used this information for making decisions regarding the service and product, while senior management used this information to make strategic decisions for future of business. Thus, it is the well structured and well designed management information system that assists in decision making at every management level because they are providing appropriate information to the management. (McAfee and Brynjolfsson, 2008). Another important role played by the information system is giving a competitive advantage. In industry settings, it acts as source of competitive edge in two ways. One way is to record and then present the information of customers, their behaviours, preferences, demographic influences and also in enhancing product quality, exposing the right product to right customers, and focussing on customer relationships. In another way, management can utilize this information to make changes and take decisions regarding businesses and product development to gain competitive edge (McAfee and Brynjolfsson, 2008). Types of Management Information system There exist four major types of the management information system. The Executive Support System resides at the top level management. It has a role in providing the corporate strategic information to senior management. Then is the Decision Support System, which serves to the middle management by providing information they require and helps them in decision making. Another system on same level is Management Information System, which provides internal and external information of customers and employees to the management. The most basic is the Transaction Support System, which provides information about daily business operations and helps employees to provide enhance services to their customers. These Transaction Support Systems are used to track inventory, record daily sales etc (Luftman and Kempaiah, 2008). Figure 2 (Sourced: Laudon Laudon 9th Edi) Strategic Weapon In past, the presence of management information system was not as vital as it is today, because it was employed for the purpose of assistance in transactions and daily operations only. But recently, these systems have gained importance due to the new picture of corporate landscape and culture. Now the time factor is present, the right information must be delivered in time to its respondents to take decisions on this basis. To take strategic decisions, it is essential to have accurate and timely information with the management. That is why the graph of importance of MIS is rapidly increasing. This makes it clear that information systems if implemented correctly and used efficiently can act as a strategic weapon of the company (Clarke, 2007). These information systems can be utilized in multiple ways. From the customersà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ perspective, these systems facilitate their interaction with the company, motivating them to do further transactions, and it can be used effectively on B2B business model. With the implementation of intelligent business information system, company can get the feedback from customers, perform analysis on it and use this for improvements in business operations and procedures. Thus it helps in building a strong business relationship with customers, and consequently organization can achieve competitive advantage (Preston and Karahanna, 2009). Some other advantage which organization can get from this MIS are enhanced efficiency of organization, improved inventories, just in time delivery of raw material and learning process from the data collected by this information system. This helps in increasing the business processes of the company and reduces cost of processes. This is how information systems can strategically used as business weapon (Preston and Karahanna, 2009). Information System Technology: Information communication system technologies are involved in almost every aspect of life. The whole process of acquiring, processing, storing and distributing verbal, theoretical and numerical information via computation is collectively known as Information communication technologies .(Lucey,2004). ICT is not only comprised of the hardware and software, but also structure of network and communication, structure of data and information with its access to different levels, user friendly, and also deals in operations and organizational strategies. To make long story short, these information communication systems are socio-technical as they integrates information, equipment, organization and people altogether .(Lucey,2004) Some main uses of information communication technologies are discussed in the figure below. Figure 3( Sourced Lucey, 7th Edi) It has been found that, information communication technologies (ICT) are not essential in every management information system, yet it is noted that if these ICTs are deployed in MIS then they can provide support to multiple managerial posts in organization. The figure below depicts the likelihood of applying this application at various levels in organization. Computer Application Feasible Area Figure 4(Sourced Lucey, 7th Edi) The information communication technologies can be deployed in organizational settings for varied reasons, some of which are: Corporate Data Information To communicate Creating Networks Internet Electronic Data Interchange World Wide Web Hardware and Software Management The information systems are complex systems, created from multiple components. These include people, resources, software, hardware, data and networks, each one having its own importance and management style. Some considerations need to be taken for managing any information system in organizations (Clarke, 2007). While talking about the hardware portion, it has to be kept in mind that hardware component of information system must be designed and created by forecasting the future requirements of the information. Same is done in case of software parts, yet in this case mostly current needs of the company are considered, which is problematic when business expands and information requirements are changed. Similar types of regulations are applicable on data and network of the information system. In case of the networks, future needs are kept in mind while designing and creating networks, while in data case, the needs of all management levels are considered before making data management system as every tier has its own particular specific need that is to be satisfied. This is why it is required to develop a highly flexible data management system in order to cater all types of information related needs (Luftman and Kempaiah, 2008). Example of MIS Here is a case study of management information system of Amazon.com is a US-based electronic commerce company. Amazon is one of the largest online business retailers in the United States with its Headquarter in Seattle, Washington. The case discussed below is a an example of using a profitable MIS setup in an organization, which helps in sustaining the business (Web1,2010) Management Information System at Amazon.com Users at Amazon The people using MIS at Amazon.com includes sales staff, collection team, marketing personnel, accountants, finance officers, inventories and procuring managers and teams. The usage rights varied from person to person in an organization on the basis of difference in designations they have. The ones who are executives and leaders of the team possess rights regarding business processes, managers are entitled to right for checking the information collectively and individually. This right is also given to the senior executives and head of departments, who can view all information, and get reports in different formats to check the performance of individual employee and whole organization as well. This is how the management of Amazon measures the performance of its employees (Web1, 2010) . Hardware Components The hardware components that are deployed in management information systems of Amazon are: Fax Machines Inbox Intel Core2Due Processing Systems Keyboard Modems Mouse Printers Dedicated servers Ups Software Components The software components incorporated in the MIS of the Amazon.com are of various kinds. one the kind is which are used as machine running software these include Microsoft Windows Office, Antivirus system and other are application that are designed for needs of different departments depending upon the nature of business they are handling. These applications include Tracer system, Econnect system, CRM system, Infinity Analysis portal and Octopus. One primary kind is used for running machines and known as system software such as Microsoft Windows Office, Antivirus, other software applications designed to cater the needs of the different departments which is dependent on the type of business they are dealing in. Some examples of these applications include: Tracer system Econnect system CRM system Infinity Analysis portal Octopus Sales Order Processing System Figure 5 Networks for Remote Locations Amazon.com acquires it network system and utilizes LAN (use Local Area Network), WAN (Wide Area Network), and VPN (Virtual Private Network), to perform operations in remote areas without presence in the office. Example of WAN Figure 6(Source Web2) Data Component The data component of Amazonà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s MIS is comprised of the database management system, which gathers, stores, analyze, and retrieves data through servers and software applications. Recommendations Here, we have to provide some major recommendations to the Amazon who is expanding their business and focus is on optimizing the performance of their workforce by managing and controlling them. As we know Amazon is a US based organization who is intended to expand its business in South Asian region of the World such as Pakistan and India. That is why we have to recommend main points about the management information system for Amazon which will help it strategically. Some main aspects of MIS regarding management strategy and decision making are as under. Strategic Management through MIS In most cases, strategy making is not a well organized and structured process, and the role of new management information system is limited in information processing. Though MIS is required to collect information according to the environment and perform scanning and processing methods to identify the possible threats and opportunities. Some main characteristics of the strategic information utilized in decision making are as under: Outside Information: It is known that internal information is required continuously for business, yet a real fact is that organizations are working in any environment and not alone, so in this case they need extensive outside information for making decisions on strategic issues. This information can be the performance report of competitor in a market, financial patterns, technological advancements, political situations, market scenarios and trends etc. Long term Concerns: The strategic plans are made for the medium and long terms. That is why strategic information systems must be designed to cater the information like trends, forecasts, appraisals, previous performance records. Quality and Quantity: The element of the quality and quantity is required in the information gathered for the information system. The qualitative information is needed to formulate strategic plans and take decisions. The quantitative information is needed for daily operations like sales. Informal Processes: Formal procedures are important in strategic planning, but it is the fact that informal procedures to analyse the information is highly effective way. Studies indicate that an extra formal system in strategic levels makes the organization less adaptive and responding. Boundary less: The information at lower management level is boundary less in the organizations, but it has been noted that it is limited to a specific action. In case of strategic information, it should be broad and not restricted by any boundaries. Multi-Proportion Management: While building strategy or taking decisions, management must consider all the solutions to issue and look problem with all aspects. For instance, taking decision on one issue, management has to consider all factors such as financial, customers, marketing. Environmental Influences on Scanning The primary difference between, management information system made for strategic level and other MISs is that in case of strategic MIS, impact of environment is considered. In creating strategies or making decisions, it is essential to comprehend the involvement of environment and forecast potential changes that will occur in future, and also predict the future trends and influence factors of business. This whole process of collecting information whether formal or informal is known as scanning. The four main types of scanning includes: Undirected scanning: The scanning in which the information is searched out by the manager generally and not for any specific purpose. Conditioned scanning: In this type managerà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s influence is involved. The influence come through any previous event or experience, and several portions of information are collected by it, instead of exploring specifically for the problem. Informal Directed Scanning: Here the information is searched particularly for any purpose or topic but in an informal or non structured format, rather manager following a formal setup. Formal Scanning: In this type, the information is collected for the specific purpose through formal and structured process Enterprise wide information systems An appropriate ERP system is recommended to the Amazon.com for optimizing its business. The advancements in networking and information technology have enabled the usage of shared data bases or ware houses by many information systems. This is done to provide support to the business operations and processes, linking them together to form enterprise wide information systems. One known or famous example of enterprise wide information system is Enterprise Resource Planning system. The retailers of known ERP systems include SAP, Baan, Oracle, and People-soft. The main task of ERP system is that it performs the integration, warehousing, application, and creates user friendly interfaces of the data and facilitate with data analyzing tools. It is a collection of multiple software modules which helps in bringing major business processes together. Each module performs its own task in analyzing the data. Some main modules of ERP system are: Inventory Management Logistics Bill of materials Sales and Marketing Human resource Management Accounts payable/receivable Role of ICT Applications in Managing Remote Workforce Trying to manage the operations and performance of its workforce in remote locations, (ICT) information communication technologies are used at all management levels so that information can be accessible whenever required, which enables the multinationals (MNCs) to operate globally even in remote areas. Thus, a well coordinated and designed MIS is vital for the business success and sustainability in this world of competition. Some examples of ICT applications which can be utilized for a useful management information system are discussed here. Automated Offices In order to carry out the information processing tasks in the company, technology of automating the offices is employed and in fashion these days. With help of such technologies, it is easier for the information to travel among different departments. For instance writing a memo, or report and email it to all departments. Office automation involves collection of software such as MS Office, Accounting software, Adobe etc. E Commerce E commerce is a specifically electronic or digital process, which includes activities both internally and externally businesses by information communication technology network such as internet, intranet and extranet. The whole business activities including sale, purchasing of services and goods, funds transfer all done electronically. E commerce involves e-marketing, B2B, B2C, C2B and etc. Another novel concept of this age is m-business, which has been evolved from the e-business. WAP (wireless application protocol) has made it possible to get connected on mobile phones. Some other latest applications includes tele- business, video conferencing, enabling the managers to connect with their team or subordinates from anywhere in the world. Location of Database It has been discussed in the case that major database of Amazon.com is located at its headquarters in Seattle, but with expansion of its business in South Asian countries and rest world, there might be some hurdles in having single database for all. The effect of having database in the headquarters is that, the operational efficiency in remote areas will decrease, due to failure of application to respond. Secondly, the holiday and time zone format in USA is different from that of country in South Asia. And this will be problematic for the staff of the remote operational area to handle queries when database employees will on leave. So having a single database is not recommended when Amazon is expanding business. In order to get in time support of operations, it is preferred to have a database in operational area. Same is required in the case of application development and support system. As these two tools are designed in the head office and used there, so the operations will be delayed because of this. This will results decline in the customer satisfaction and commitment. To cope up with such problems, databases and corresponding applications should be designed and developed in the operational country. Security of MIS It is highly important to consider the security of the information system. While dealing with ICT system which is networked via internet and intranet, its security be designed. The security procedures must ensure that only authorised people have access to the strategic information. The secrecy of the MIS should be on the top priority as this will make the business successful and if mishandled then cause losses. Conclusions The author has done the detailed study of the theoretical concepts of management information system in this assignment. Additionally, the sources of information, its storage, and processing are also discussed in the assignment. The importance of MIS in strategic decision making is the key issue discussed here, and keeping in view this, suggestions are provided by author for Amazon.com to expand its business with appropriate MIS to improve its effectiveness of business.

Ural Mountains :: Informative Essays

The Ural Mountains are a rugged spine across Russia, running 1,300 miles from the fringe of the Arctic in the North, to the bend of the Ural River in the South. Traditionally they form a boundary between Europe and Asia. The north- south course of the Urals is relatively narrow, varying from about 20 to 90 miles in width, but it cuts across the vast latitude landscape regions of the Eurasian landmass, from Arctic waste to semidesert; the Urals also are part of the Ural economic region, a highly developed industrial complex closely tied to the mineral-rich Siberian region, and are the home of people with roots reaching deep into history. Physical Features The Urals divide into five sections. The northernmost Polar Urals extend some 240 miles from Mount Konstantinov Kamen in the north-east to the Khulga River the southeast; most mountains rise to 3300-3600 feet above sea level, although the highest peak, Mount Payer reaches 4829 ft. The next stretch, the Nether-Polar Urals, extends for more than 140 miles south to the Shchugor River. This section contains the highest peaks of the entire range, including Mount Narodnaya which reaches 6217 ft. and Mount Karpinsk Which is 6161 ft. These first two sections are typically Alpine and are Strewn with Glaciers and are heavily marked with permafrost. Farther south come the Northern Urals, which stretch for more than 340 miles to the Usa River in the south; most mountains top 3300 feet, and the highest peak, Mount Telpos-Iz, rises 5305 ft. Many of the summits are flattened, the remnants of the ancient Peneplains uplifted by geographically tectonic movements. In the north, intensive weathering has resulted in vast "seas of stone" on mountain slopes and summits. The lower Central Urals extend more than 200 miles to the Ufa river, rarely exceeding 1600 ft., althought the highest peak Mount SrednyBascy, rises to 3261 ft. The summits are smooth, with isolated residual outcrops. The last portion, the Southern Urals, extends some 340 miles to the westward bend of the Ural River and consists of several parallel ridges rising to 3900 ft. and culminating in Mount Yamantau, 580 ft.; the section terminates in the wide uplands of the Mugadozer h ills. The People Human habitation of the Urals dates to the distant past, The Nenetes are Sanoyed people of the Pay-Khoyregion, and their language belongs to the Samoyedic group of languages, which is widespread throughout northern Siberia. The most numerous indigenous groups the Bashkir, long settled in the southern Urals speak a tongue relater to the Turkic group. The Russian population is the largest group of people and is concentrated primarily in the central and

Young People, sexuality and relationship Essay -- Essays Papers

Young People, sexuality and relationship So what should teens be taught about sex? In the article, â€Å"Young People, Sexuality and Relationships,† by Peter Aggleton, the author describes how sex isn’t used as something great in a relationship but gives the true reasons teens are having sex. The article was published in the year 2000 in the Journal of Sexual and Relationship Therapy. This article was published to explain to young people some of the consequences of having sex. More young people are having sex these days without looking at what really can happen. Aggleton shows an overview of the pregnancies, STD’s, and other emotional things that can stick with someone the rest of their lives. Aggleton shows teens the truth about sex instead of something seen as romantic and a risk, and they seeing themselves as people who are experimenting with new things. However, to others it is not a sign of romance but a risk that keeps haunting teenagers with AIDS and pregnancy. Even though young people are stereotyped as being more negative when it comes to the issue of sex, not all teenagers are that concerned with it. The author states more teenagers are looking at the outcome of having sex and thinking about the STD issue. Another issue is sex when it comes to parties and drugs. It seems that more and more girls are not getting the necessary understandings of the risks of sex, therefore having it at a younger age. While males are having sex for reasons just to try it out, or because they think they are cool. So the problem is teens are having sex for the wrong reasons without looking into the consequences. Aggleton shows the differences of sex from the female view to the male view. He sees women as getting caught up in s... ... to drugs and have no money they see sex as a way to make a few easy dollars. Sex issues are worse when it comes to other countries. Woman there must protect themselves from younger and older men. They also often do not have any type of condom and they aren’t issued warning that could prevent Aids and pregnancy. Other women find themselves having sex as a job, since prostitution is legal in many countries and many woman look to do so as a profession. In conclusion Aggleton is saying how teens are not having sex for love or a better relationship but out of fear of what others might say if they don’t. Therefore, sex is not something that happens to help a relationship grow closer, it’s just a decision that’s not usually thought about to thoroughly before it happens. And only adults can help take the thoughts out of young peoples’ lives by talking to them.

Szabist

Service offering And Variety Augmenting the Core Product: The shostack’s molecular model can help identify the tangible and intangible elements involved in service industry. For Szabist the intangible element includes the knowledge they provide to a student in different fields for example BBA, media sciences etc. The grooming of personality, to work in teams, the education which is the core product of Szabist. The tangible element includes the degree provided by Szabist. Nature of Service Offering: Core Product:The core product Szabist provide is quality education. Supplementary Service: The supplementary service Szabist includes extra-curricular activities such as computer labs, libraries, sports room, the societies and affiliation to foreign universities. Delivery Process: Szabist delivery process is through the faculty they hire for providing quality education. The documentation of all the records of student all over the time period till they are studying. The Flower of Ser vice: Information Clearance Classes Degree Education Consultation Fees SubmissionThe flower’s petals are the supplementary service shown in the clockwise pattern in which they are often encountered by customers. Information: When a student comes in for admission they are provided with the admission form and guided about the procedure through which they can join Szabist. Consultation: The student can consult in which program they fit the most and what are the requirement criteria for that particular program. Fees Submission: Once the student went through the admission process they are asked to submit their fees beforehand.Classes: The classes are conducted on daily basis for whatever program a student is rolled in. Clearance: Once the student completes his/her credit hours criteria all payments are settled between the student and Szabist before the degree is granted. Degree: Degree is awarded by Szabist to the successful candidate who completes his/her course requirement. The Service Product mix: Width: Graduate Programs EMBA, MBA, MS (Computing), MS (Media Sciences), MS (Management Sciences), MS (Social Sciences & Economics) and Ph. D. Undergrad ProgramsBBA, BABS, BS (Computing), BS (Media Sciences), BS (Social Sciences), BE Mechatronics, Biosciences and LLB. Length: The total number of courses offered by Szabist. Depth: EMBA SZABIST offers a two years EMBA degree for the executives and the middle/level managers who strive for excellence and greater challenges in their professional life. The EMBA is a two years program spread over six semesters and consists of 66 credit hours. 20 courses, 1 Business Project (3 credits) and 1 Research Project (3 credits) are required to graduate. Maximum time limit to complete the EMBA degree is five years.MBA SZABIST offers MBA degree in the specialized fields of Management, Human Resource Management (HRM), Marketing, Finance, Supply Chain Management, Islamic Banking, MIS and Economic Policy & Management. Both MBA (Day) and MBA (Evening) programs are offered. For students with a 4-year BBA degree, the duration of the MBA Program is 1. 5 years. 10 MBA courses (30 credits) and a research project (6 credits) are needed to graduate. Students are also required to complete a 6-week internship. The maximum duration to complete this degree is 5 years.For students with a 4-year non BBA degree / relevant degree, the duration of the MBA program is 2 to 2. 5 years. 24 courses (72 credits) are needed to graduate. Students are also required to complete a 6-week internship and clear the SZABIST comprehensive exam. The maximum duration to complete this degree is 5 years. For students with a 2 to 3 year undergraduate degree the duration of the MBA program is 3 to 3. 5 years. 30 courses (90 credits) are needed to graduate. Students are also required to complete a 6-week internship and clear the SZABIST comprehensive exam.The maximum duration to complete this degree is 5 years. MS (Computing) SZABIST offers MS degre e with majors in Information Technology, Software Engineering and Computer Sciences. The MS is an evening program only and consists of 8 courses and a Thesis / Research Project / Course Work. For students with a 4 year BS or 2 year MCS degree, the MS is a two year program. 9 MS courses and Thesis/ Research Project/Course Work are needed to graduate (33 credit hours). For students with a 4 year professional degree (BE, MSc etc. ), the MS Program is a two year program.Deficiency conversion courses and 9 MS courses and Thesis/Research Project/Course Work are needed to graduate (33 credit hours +18 credit hours of deficiency courses. ) For students with a 3 year BCS degree, the MS Program is a three year program. One year of deficiency conversion courses and 9 MS courses and Thesis or Research Project are needed to graduate (33 credit hours + 30 credit hours of deficiency courses. ) The maximum time limit to complete the MS degree is five years. MS (Media Sciences) SZABIST offers the MS Media Sciences degree. The MS Media Sciences is an evening program only and consists of 8 courses and a Thesis.For students with a 4-year BS Media Sciences or relevant Bachelors or Masters degree, the MS Program is 1. 5 – years. 8 MS courses (24 credits) and a thesis (6 credits) are needed to graduate. Students are also required to complete a 6-week internship. The maximum duration to complete this degree is 5 years. For students with a 4-year non-relevant Bachelors or Master degree, the duration of the MS program is 2 to 2. 5 years. 24 courses (72 credits) are needed to graduate. Students are also required to complete a 6-week internship and clear the SZABIST comprehensive exam.The maximum duration to complete this degree is 5 years. For students with a 2 to 3 year undergraduate degree, the duration of the MS program is 3 to 3. 5 years. 30 courses (90 credits) are needed to graduate. Students are also required to complete a 6-weeks internship and clear the SZABIST comprehen sive exam. The maximum duration to complete this degree is 5 years MS (Management Sciences) SZABIST offers the fifth year MS degree in the specialized fields of Management, Human Resource Management (HRM), Marketing, Finance and IT (MIS/ E-Business).The MS program is an evening program only and consists of 8/10 courses and/or Thesis (30 credits). The maximum time limit to complete the MS degree is five years. MS (Social Sciences & Economics) SZABIST offers the fifth year MS degree in Social Sciences & Economics with majors in Psychology, Sociology, International Relation, Political Science, Economics, Media Studies, Education, Public Administration, NGO Management, Gender Studies, Philosophy, Law & Human Rights and Public Policy.The MS Program is an evening program only and consists of 8/10 courses and/or a Thesis/ Independent Studies (30 credit hours). Ph. D. SZABIST offers the Ph. D. degree in Management Sciences, Computing and Social Sciences & Economics that can be completed dur ing the evenings in two years after the MS / MBA degree. 6 Ph. D. courses and a dissertation are required to graduate. A total of 48 credit hours must be completed. For candidates with a 4 year professional (BBA / BS / BE / MBA / MCS / MSc / MA) degree, the Ph.D. Program is a three year 78 credit hours program. MS degree (30 credits) must first be successfully completed. In Management Sciences, specializations include Organizational Structure, Human Resource Management & Development, and International Business Strategy & Development, e-Business Strategy, Leadership, Corporate Restructuring, Corporate Ethics & Governance, Advanced Financial Management, Marketing Communication and Not-for-Profit Management.In Computing, specializations include Database Management Systems, Data Warehousing & Mining, Networking & Communication, Business Intelligence, Process Modeling, Telecommunication, Mobile Communication, Mobile Computing, Technology Management, Artificial Intelligence, Software Engi neering, Agent Systems, Speech Recognition, Multimedia & HCI Systems and e-Business, Mechatronics and Machine Vision & Image Processing.In Social Sciences & Economics, specializations include Economics, International Relations, Political Science, Media Studies, Education, Public Administration, NGO Management, Gender Studies, Philosophy, Psychology, Sociology, Law & Human Rights and Public Policy. The total time to earn a Ph. D. degree after a four-year university degree is a minimum of three years to a maximum of seven years. BBA SZABIST offers a four year (eight semesters) BBA degree program with majors in Management, Marketing, Finance, and IT.The BBA Program is essentially a day program and consists of 46 courses and a thesis (six courses per semester) with a total of 144 credit hours (all electives and certain courses may be offered in the evening) and an Internship. The maximum time limit to complete the BBA degree is seven years. BABS SZABIST offers the 3 years BA (Hons) Busi ness Studies of the University of Wales, Newport, UK. Students can earn BABS, UK, and Degree after completing two years of study at SZABIST and one year at Newport, UK, through an articulation agreement. Students aiming for a UK degree can join this programme and save 2 years UK cost.Two years study at SZABIST is fully mapped and matched with University of Wales BA (Hons) Business Studies curriculum. Please refer to separate SZABIST brochure for details of this program. BS (Computing) SZABIST offers a four year (eight semesters) BS (Computing) degree with majors in Information Technology, Telecommunications, Software Engineering and Computer Sciences. The BS Program is essentially a day program and consists of 40 courses (six courses per semester) with a total of 130 credit hours (all electives and certain courses may be offered in the evening), Internship and the passing of the comprehensive exam.The maximum time limit to complete the BS degree is seven years. BS (Media Sciences) S ZABIST offers a four year (eight semesters) BS (Media Sciences) degree with majors in Production and Advertising. The BS Program is essentially a day program and consists of 46 courses & a thesis (six courses per semester) with a total of 144 credit hours (all electives and certain courses may be offered in the evening), and an Internship. The maximum time limit to complete the BS degree is seven years. BS (Social Sciences)SZABIST offers a four your (eight semesters) BS (Social Sciences) degree with majors in Psychology, Sociology, Economics, Political Sciences and International Relations. BS Program is essentially a day program and consists of 48 courses (six courses per semester) with a total of 144 credit hours, Internship and the passing of the Comprehensive Exam. The maximum time limit to complete the BS degree is seven years. BE Mechatronics SZABIST offers a four year (eight semesters) BE (Mechatronics Engineering).The BE program is essentially a day program and consists of 43 courses (five or six courses per semester) with a total of 142 credit hours (all electives and certain courses may be offered in the evening), Internship and the passing of the comprehensive exam . The maximum time limit to complete the BE degree is seven years. Biosciences BS Biosciences at SZABIST is a four year program spread over 8 semesters and consists of 135 credit hours of teaching, 44 courses, internship of at least six weeks, and research project are needed to graduat LLBSZABIST offers the LLB University of London International Programmes This is an evening program and can be completed in three years. The University of London, UK will award the LLB degree. Please refer to the separate SZABIST brochure and to the University of London web site. www. londoninternational. ac. uk for details of this program. Reference: http://khi. szabist. edu. pk/programs

Interpersonal Communication in Relationship Essay

Raising a child is every parent’s challenge once their kids are born. In today’s setting where influence plays a major aspect of affecting a child’s behavior, it is not enough that parents only provide their material and financial needs. It is also important that at the soonest time possible, parents should have the initiative to commit themselves in raising their kids by giving them the time and attention they need so they could be guided and taken care of effectively. At the age of 26, the author gave birth to a healthy baby whom she named Sarah. Her experience of motherhood is a combination of stress and happiness that also included many unselfish sacrifices in order to give her the future that she deserve and for many years now, they both enjoy their companionship as they treat each other the best of friends more than of a mere daughter and mother relationship. As a mother, the author believes that communication is the secret weapon for any harmonious relationship. For 23 years, she was able to create an environment for Sarah where she feels comfort to be herself with her mother. It avoids pretension, promotes transparency and builds trust to the bond that they have. Through communication, the author was able to blend in to Sarah’s world making her know more about her daughter’s likes and dislikes, her insecurities, her fears and strengths, her grades, crushes and in general, Sarah as a person inside and out. This has helped her appreciate the things that her daughter enjoys and be the kind of friend that her daughter needs. Communication manifests itself in different form such as information, signs and gesture and messages. It is important that these messages, signals and signs that are interchanged between parties are consistent and delivered well so that trust can be built. Being a parent makes her cautious of the words she speaks because it will affect her child’s learning and behavior. The aim of this paper is to analyze the effectiveness of Interpersonal Communication in understanding the current relationship of the author with her daughter in able to create groundwork for the development for a long-term partnership. In this particular case, we will look at the role of communication in the development of trust and closeness between the parties and the inner reflection of the author’s behavior in her relationship with her sibling to become a better individual. ANALYSIS The words that people apply in discussion express information regarding who they are, their objectives, their spectators, and their circumstances. The words that people use can yield clues about the quality of their relationships. This opening discusses the job of language usage in relationships, look purposely on subject of analysis, the kinds of words that are necessary in relationships, data gathering, and clinical proposition. Language gives a range of meaning in relationships. It can be an idea of relationship standing, a tool of relationship preservation or adjustment, or the picture of important relationship characteristics such as sovereignty and interdependence. Some say that relationships are simply a game of language. The Interpersonal communication (IC) is a tool that defines the different ways that we can do to create a better communication with other people. It is important because of the functions it achieves. We use it to gather information, understand things better, to establish identity through knowing other people better and other personal needs. As we go on through the paper, we shall analyze the development of Sarah and her mother’s relationship through the Knapp’s Relationship Escalation and Deterioration Model. Looking at Sarah and the author’s connection, the bond that they have is strengthen and tested through the time that they have been together as a family. Their interpersonal communication created a big influence in their personal growth as a mother and daughter as they learn to share and discuss their ideas and thoughts in different aspects of life together. The Knapp’s Model of Escalation consider this as the Intensifying Stage where they learn to treat each other less formal and consider one another as best of friends. Being in a relationship makes people highly interdependent. There is a feeling of â€Å"oneness† that another person becomes a part of your â€Å"self†. We become attracted to people who has the same interest, attitudes, experience, backgrounds and personality as we have. Because of their genes, there is a possibility that Sarah might have inherited some of the physical, emotional and behavioral traits of her mother that keeps her attracted to her. This feeling of likeness and belongingness makes her relationship with the author warm and alive. Attraction is important in a relationship because it initiates a relationship which is considered as the Knapp’s Model of Escalation’s the Initiation Phase and without it, people will not be interested to know people better and start a relationship with them. A relationship is affected by attraction because it influence others to be like us, it validate our believes and characteristics, and draw conclusion about character based on supposed similarity. Sarah is fascinated to her mother as she considers her a role model because of her ways of doing her job as a mother and a friend. This kind of attraction makes her comfortable to do things together with the author thus opening more about herself to her more than she could ever do to other people. Self-disclosure is both the mindful and unaware means of exposing more about ourselves to others. This includes our personal thoughts, feelings, aspirations, goals, failures, success, fears, dreams and even our preferences, dislikes and favorites that most people do not share to avoid possible negative judgments from others. In able to know her daughter better, the author opened herself to Sarah and started to share her personality, her ideas, experiences and her past in able to create a friendly image that would make her daughter feel that she is not hard to reach as a parent and she is worthy of her trust and friendship. The decision to unmask includes a lot of thinking and planning as it might also give a different meaning to the people that they are talking with. The Knapp’s Model of Escalation sees it as the Experimentation phase where people who are new to each other asks information of each other in order to deliver the best way of showing their true identity if they wish to create a relationship. It includes discussions while watching television, doing household chores, sharing stories and more that would make us learn more about the person that we want to be with. Patience and dedication creates perfect opportunity to know people better. The moment that they both feel comfortable with each other is the time that they will consider themselves as partners. The Knapp’s Model of Escalation defines this stage of relationship as the Integrating phase where people formalize their bond. This is the point where people create a world that they both enjoy while doing things together. Since that Sarah considers her mother as her best friend, she now sees the significance of her mother more than before because she was able to know her better. This had given the author the opportunity to have more control in monitoring her child’s growth since that she is now closer to her. The last stage of the Knapp’s Model of Escalation is the Bonding phase where people in the relationship establish a commitment to keep the relationship last a long time. Once engaged in a relationship, people tend to look after each other, supervise each others activities, discuss problems and face the challenge of life together. This is the phase of relationship where Sarah and her mother is currently into. This can be considered as the victory of every relationship where the goal of every people in the partnership in creating a bond is accomplished. It is important that they continue to maintain their relationship for as long as they feel that they both want to preserve their connection. As a mother and daughter, a good bond to one another makes Sarah grow in a family where she can consider herself safe and secured. The years that they have been together and the experiences that they both encountered good or bad are all considered as the building blocks of their family’s relationship. Whatever they think of each other is based on the judgment on their performance as a partner during the relationship period. It is true that there is no perfect relationship and even mothers and daughters have fights and conflicts of their own. The Interpersonal Communication measure conflicts in relationship through the Knapp’s Model of Deterioration. As relationship widen and get older, partners or friends see their differences to one another in the process, because of this, they tend to realize the other sides of each other that they do not really know about during their first stages of their relationship. This is the Differencing phase of the Knapp’s Model of Deterioration that is the initial sign of there is something wrong in the relationship that should be taken care of. Sarah and the author’s relationship is not all happiness. It is just normal that they will encounter conflicts regarding issues in politics, work ethic, gender role expectations, school problems and maybe even doing the dishes at home. Fortunately, since Sarah and her mother shares the same family, the author and Sarah still find ways of mending things together since they have free-communication to each other. When a problem is not resolved, communication begins to fade making the people concern not interested on solving the conflict anymore. This Circumscribing phase is a stage in relationships that occurs when a serious conflict is really at hand. Unfortunately, problems can crash a relationship no matter how old or great it is. Sarah and the author were able to get through this stage when dealing teenage problems. Teenagers are aggressive and do things that they are not really aware about and mothers sometimes get into they way that makes them monster in their sights. Families have these problems and more and if communication is not an option, most of them would not have solved their problem like they did years ago. When the people in the group or in a relationship accept that a problem can’t be solved, then the Stagnating phase immerges. This is the stage where individuals avoid discussions about the relationship because they think that it is only the matter of time that the relationship is going to end. Others will start to notice that there is something wrong in the relationship and will try to help but as long as the people concerned in the conflict do not participate, there will be no reconciliation. Relationships in conflict needs some space to think about the problem, sometimes they need to be separated and live independently to see the value of their friendship or relationship and decide whether they want to resolve it or not. This is the Avoidance phase of the Knapp’s Model of Deterioration where the pair begins to physically separate themselves to avoid the opportunities for any discussion. This will make them think on themselves and about the situation without other people’s way. When decided to live on, away from the relationship, the last and final stage of the Knapp’s Model of Deterioration takes place. The Terminating phase can occur positively and negatively depending on the way of their parting. Fortunately, Sarah and the author haven’t been in this stage that they would decide to live on separate ways. It is true that some relationships are not meant to last. However, in a positive side, some closed relationship creates new opportunities for the better and also in some cases, there are relationships that are just meant to dissolve into nothing and be left forgotten. Conflict is a part of most every interpersonal relationship. Managing conflict, then, is important if the relationship is to be long-lasting and rewarding. The management of conflict is necessary for saving any relationship that hangs from falling apart. CONCLUSION Communication manifests itself in different form such as information, signs and gesture and messages. It is important that these messages, signals and signs that are interchanged between parties are consistent and delivered well so that trust can be built. In families, communication is very essential for keeping their relationship running hassle free. Trust plays a serious part in developing a relationship with children. To create this bond, parents should have a thin line between them and their children so they will fee security in investing their feelings with them. This process includes listening to their problems, giving advice, sharing their secrets, being like a friend and others that will make a child at ease in Children learn from what they see, hear and feel and it is very important that parents as their core foundation of their behavior would influence them greatly through giving their time and dedication to be with their child by establishing a relationship with them. BIBLIOGRAPHY Definition of Interpersonal Communication (1999) Accessed last April 17, 2009. Source: http://www. abacon. com/commstudies/interpersonal/indefinition. html

Information and computer technology on banking Essay

For over a decade, the rapid advancement in information and communication technology has significantly affected the banking industry. The banking sector has embraced the use of technology to serve its client’s faster and also to do more with less. Emerging technologies have changed the banking industry from paper and branch based banks to â€Å"digitized and networked banking services†. Unlike before, broadband internet is cheap and it makes the transfer of data easy and first. Technology has changed the accounting and management system of all banks. And it is now changing the way how banks are delivering services to their customers. However this technology comes at a cost, implementing all this technology has been expensive but the rewards are limitless. The banking sector was one of the first to embrace rapid globalization and benefit significantly from IT development. The technological revolution in banking started in the 1950s, with the installation of the first automated bookkeeping machines at banks. This was well before the other industries became IT savvy. However, in Bangladesh the revolution started in 1990s. Present Status: A good number of technology driven services are provided to the customers by the Private Commercial Banks (PCBs), Foreign Commercial Banks (FCBs)and Nationalized Commercial Banks (NCBs). The FCBs operating in Bangladesh like Standard Chartered Bank and HSBCare the pioneers to introduce technology driven banking facilities. Thesebanks provide services like ATM, debit card, credit card, Point of Sale (POS)services, internet banking, phone banking, any branch banking, ElectronicFund Transfer (EFT). Along with these services Standard Chartered Bank isproviding KIOSK service to its customers. Among the local banks, the PCBs are ahead of the NCBs in providingtechnology driven banking services. A limited number of technology drivenservices are being provided by the private Islamic banks in Bangladesh. For sending foreign remittance NCBs and some PCBs are working collaboratively with mobile phone service operators. Application of computer based services in Bangladesh: Electronic Fund Transfer (EFT), SWIFT and MICR cheque are being provided by all the banks. All the banks except Uttara Bank are providing any branch banking to the customers. All banks have debit card facilities for their clients except Citi Bank NA. First Security Islami Bank Limited, Uttara Bank Limited and Citi Bank NA have no own ATM booth. First Security Islami BankLimited is going to establish their own ATM booth. They have already selected the palce for 100 ATM booth and expect to launch within very short possible time.

Research Analysis of Barbara Ehrenreich’s Cultural Baggage Essay

Barbra Ehrenreich’s â€Å"Cultural Baggage† essay found in Greene and Lidinksy (2012), expresses the author’s views on traditional values that come from a family’s heritage. Ehrenreich is motivated to write about this subject because her way of being raised was challenged. She was raised to find new things to try, and not succumb to the mindset of just accepting something because it’s always been there. Her Father said, â€Å"’think for yourself’ and ‘always ask why’† (Ehrenreich, 2012, p. ). The purpose of the content is to show Barbra Ehrenreich’s disconnection from holding family traditions, and then argues that it’s not a necessity for every family to pass down traditions. Barbra insists that people from very traditional based religions will be disappointed and appalled that her family is always looking for new things to try (Ehrenreich, 2012). In the author’s opinion, there is nothing wrong for not following, or neglecting to start, family traditions. Ehrenreich’s biggest claim in her essay is that she steadfastly disagrees with recurring traditions and expresses her intent for individuality in her family. She made a statement at the end of the essay saying, â€Å"My chest swelled with pride, as my mother’s would have, to know that the race of †none† marches on† (Ehrenreich, 2012, p. 3). This shines light on the fact that they are a happy family with out traditions and have no intentions of ever adopting any. Also, Ehrenreich (2012) goes on to explain that her Grandmother would suggest that just because it’s old doesn’t mean it’s right, or necessary to continue. Barbra is satisfied and proud to announce â€Å"none† as her ethnic background and â€Å"none† for her traditions. Barbra has a tone in the paper that exemplifies an informal conversation among women; particularly mothers. Her intention was to target mothers because she is justifying the guilt she felt when she realized her children weren’t growing up with traditions. Her question then was: Am I doing the right thing by not having any traditions for them? So, Barbra nervously asked her children if they were fine with not having any family traditions, and they eplied, â€Å"yes† (Ehrenreich, 2012). This was a relief for Barbra as it would be for most mothers. My final contention in this matter would be to agree with Barbra Ehrenreich in saying that family traditions are not necessary, and it is important to branch out to new ventures. When Barbra asked her children about traditions they said, â€Å"and the world would be a better place if nobody else did either† (Ehrenreich, 2012, p. 3). The reason they say the world would be a better place is because people would be more interesting from branching out and learning new things. In addition, the reasons there is a lot of conflicts in society, and on a global scale, are from radical people feeling their traditions or belief have been imposed upon by someone else. Examples include: Islamic religion, Al Qaeda, the Civil rights movement, the Civil War, and Gang Violence. Barbra is correct with her position on traditions with calling it â€Å"baggage,† because it weighs down the minds ability to see things in a new light, and that is the most important thing to me.

Racial Discrimination in the Contemporary World Essay - 12

Racial Discrimination in the Contemporary World - Essay Example According to the study the concept that he actually realized was that most of the whites preferred sticking to their own groups. This was the beginning, but with time things changed and we got on better terms after a few months. However, the level of trust wasnt very high but I actually communicated with them. We were colleagues, but not friends who would actually go out or attend parties together. It can't be denied that my race did however, assist me in many matters. He formed a very strong bond and actually made really good friends with people who belonged to different races and were international students like me and most of whom came from countries such as India, China, Rwanda and a few from Somalia. However, it is important to note that these people were better off than me since they did not have a history of conflict with the US unlike the Arabs. They were oppressed basically on the account of their skin color and religion. There was a stronger feeling of trust between us and we knew that we could rely on each other. It was actually the racial discrimination that brought us all together because we were all facing the same difficulties. It was the common experiences and problems that brought us all together and it was after this that he could be very sure that he was not alone anymore. Another important benefit that   he acquired was the fact that he became aware of the different races and cultures as all of my friends belonged to different places.